{
    "query": "10",
    "resultCount": 19,
    "source": "kingbrand.com\/Studies.php",
    "results": [
        {
            "studyNumber": 88,
            "shortTitle": "Ibuprofen 400 mg Is as Effective as Higher Doses for Pain Relief",
            "fullTitle": "Analgesic effect of oral ibuprofen 400, 600, and 800 mg; paracetamol 500 and 1000 mg; and paracetamol 1000 mg plus 60 mg codeine in acute postoperative pain: a single-dose, randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blind study.",
            "authors": "Lyngstad G, Skjelbred P, Swanson DM, Skoglund LA",
            "journal": "European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (2021)",
            "summary": "This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared the pain-relieving effectiveness of different doses of ibuprofen and other common pain medications in 350 patients after third molar surgery. Patients received either ibuprofen at 400 mg, 600 mg, or 800 mg, paracetamol at 500 mg or 1000 mg, a paracetamol-codeine combination, or a placebo. The researchers measured pain intensity over 6 hours, time to pain relief, duration of effectiveness, and the number of patients needing additional medication. The key finding was that ibuprofen doses above 400 mg did not significantly increase pain relief. In other words, taking 600 mg or 800 mg of ibuprofen provides essentially the same benefit as taking 400 mg, but with a higher dose that increases the risk of side effects. All active ibuprofen doses were similarly effective, and adverse effects were low and mild across all groups. This study directly supports the recommendation that 400 mg of ibuprofen is a sufficient dose for effective pain and inflammation relief. Taking more does not provide additional benefit but does increase exposure and risk, particularly to the gastrointestinal system. This finding validates a low-dose strategy that maximizes therapeutic benefit while minimizing the potential for harm.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34655316\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 7,
            "shortTitle": "The Effect of Microwave Therapy on Muscle Blood Flow",
            "fullTitle": "The Effect of Microwave Therapy Upon Muscle Blood Flow in Man",
            "authors": "D. J. Wyper, D. R. McNiven",
            "journal": "British Journal of Sports Medicine (1976)",
            "summary": "This study measured muscle blood flow using a radioactive tracer technique in five healthy subjects. Researchers found that microwave therapy at 2450 MHz significantly increased muscle blood flow compared to resting values. The mean blood flow increased from 2.9 ml\/100g\/min at rest to 11.4 ml\/100g\/min during microwave therapy. The study concluded that microwave therapy has a greater effect on muscle blood flow than other therapeutic modalities, highlighting its potential benefits for tissue perfusion and recovery.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/963368\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 12,
            "shortTitle": "Shortwave Diathermy Enhances Recovery in Lateral Epicondylitis",
            "fullTitle": "Continuous Shortwave Diathermy with Exercise Reduces Pain and Improves Function in Lateral Epicondylitis More Than Sham Diathermy: A Randomized Controlled Trial",
            "authors": "A. Babaei-Ghazani, B. Shahrami, E. Fallah, T. Ahadi, B. Forough, S. Ebadi",
            "journal": "Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies (2020)",
            "summary": "This study evaluated the effectiveness of continuous shortwave diathermy (SWD) in treating chronic lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow). Fifty patients were assigned to either an SWD + exercise group or a sham diathermy + exercise group. The SWD group received 15 minutes of 40-60 W continuous SWD along with specific exercises. Pain, function, and grip strength were measured at baseline, after 5 and 10 treatment sessions, and at 3 months. The SWD group showed significantly greater improvements in all outcomes compared to the control group. These findings suggest that SWD enhances pain relief and functional recovery in lateral epicondylitis.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31987565\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 14,
            "shortTitle": "Effect of Manual Therapy and Neurodynamic Techniques vs Ultrasound and Laser on Two-Point Discrimination in CTS",
            "fullTitle": "Effect of Manual Therapy and Neurodynamic Techniques vs Ultrasound and Laser on 2PD in Patients with CTS: A Randomized Controlled Trial",
            "authors": "Tomasz Wolny, Edward Saulicz, Pawel Linek, Andrzej Mysliwiec, Mariola Saulicz",
            "journal": "Journal of Hand Therapy (2016)",
            "summary": "This randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of manual therapy and neurodynamic techniques versus ultrasound and laser therapy on two-point discrimination (2PD) in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) patients. Participants were divided into two groups: one received neurodynamic mobilization and manual therapy, while the other underwent electrophysical modalities (red\/infrared laser and ultrasound). After 20 therapy sessions over 10 weeks, both groups showed significant improvement in 2PD in symptomatic hands (p < .001). However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the two treatments, indicating that both approaches were equally effective in improving sensory function in CTS patients.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27094495\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 15,
            "shortTitle": "Collagen Shortening: An Experimental Approach with Heat",
            "fullTitle": "Collagen Shortening: An Experimental Approach with Heat",
            "authors": "C.T. Vangsness Jr, W. Mitchell 3rd, M. Nimni, M. Erlich, V. Saadat, H. Schmotzer",
            "journal": "Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (1997)",
            "summary": "This in vitro study investigated the effects of heat on human collagen, specifically its ability to shrink and its mechanical and histological changes. Fresh frozen human tendons were subjected to heat in a saline solution, demonstrating a predictable shrinkage curve. A sharp increase in shrinkage (up to 70% of the original length) was observed around 70°C. Additionally, an Nd:YAG laser was used to induce precise, dose-dependent collagen shortening. Tendons shortened by 10% exhibited a significant decrease in load-to-failure strength (to about one-third of control specimens). Histological analysis revealed distinct thermal denaturation zones while preserving adjacent collagen. These findings suggest that collagen can be precisely shortened using heat, though further research is needed to assess biological responses, including recollagenization and long-term biomechanical effects.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9137199\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 19,
            "shortTitle": "Far-Infrared Radiation Reduces Pain After Rotator Cuff Repair",
            "fullTitle": "Far-Infrared Radiation to Improve Clinical Outcomes After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: A Prospective Randomized Comparative Clinical Study",
            "authors": "J.H. Park, J.Y. Yoon, M.G. Jeong, et al.",
            "journal": "Clinical Orthopaedic Surgery (2023)",
            "summary": "This randomized study examined the effects of far-infrared radiation (FIR) therapy on pain, range of motion (ROM), and healing after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in 64 patients. The FIR group received twice-daily 30-minute FIR sessions for 10 weeks. At 5 weeks and 3 months post-surgery, FIR patients reported significantly lower pain scores (1.7 vs. 2.8, P = 0.002 at 5 weeks; 2.4 vs. 3.2, P = 0.041 at 3 months). However, ROM, functional scores, and healing rates showed no significant differences between groups. FIR may be a safe and effective method to reduce early postoperative pain and support rehabilitation.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37811506\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 20,
            "shortTitle": "Shortwave Diathermy Increases Blood Flow and Skin Temperature in Lower Limbs",
            "fullTitle": "Application of Shortwave Diathermy to Lower Limb Increases Arterial Blood Flow Velocity and Skin Temperature in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial",
            "authors": "N. T. A. De Sousa, E. C. O. Guirro, J. G. Calió, M. C. De Queluz, R. R. De Jesus Guirro",
            "journal": "Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy (2017)",
            "summary": "This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of shortwave diathermy (SWD) and microwave diathermy (MWD) on blood flow and skin temperature in the lower limbs of healthy women. Forty participants received 20 minutes of either SWD or MWD to the posterior thigh and leg. Measurements taken before, immediately after, and at 10 and 20 minutes post-treatment showed that SWD significantly increased arterial blood flow velocity and sustained skin temperature elevation for at least 20 minutes. MWD also increased skin temperature but had no significant effect on blood flow. These findings highlight SWD’s potential for improving circulation and tissue heating.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28460711\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 27,
            "shortTitle": "Ice Therapy Works—If Used Correctly",
            "fullTitle": "Ice therapy: how good is the evidence?",
            "authors": "D.C. MacAuley",
            "journal": "International Journal of Sports Medicine (2001)",
            "summary": "This systematic review looked at how ice therapy should be applied for acute soft tissue injuries. The review found that ice is most effective when applied as melting ice water (not just cold packs) through a wet towel for 10 minutes at a time, in repeated sessions. This method cools the muscle effectively without damaging the skin. Continuous icing is less safe and may reduce effectiveness. Importantly, ice can impair motor function temporarily, so people should avoid activity for at least 30 minutes after treatment to reduce the risk of re-injury. Overall, ice is helpful, but only when applied with proper timing and method.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11510876\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 28,
            "shortTitle": "Meniscectomy Often No Better Than Conservative Treatment",
            "fullTitle": "A comparative study of meniscectomy and nonoperative treatment for degenerative horizontal tears of the medial meniscus",
            "authors": "Ji-Hyeon Yim, Jong-Keun Seon, Eun-Kyoo Song, Jun-Ik Choi, Min-Cheol Kim, Keun-Bae Lee, Hyoung-Yeon Seo",
            "journal": "American Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)",
            "summary": "This randomized controlled trial compared outcomes of arthroscopic meniscectomy versus nonoperative treatment with strengthening exercises in 102 patients with degenerative horizontal medial meniscus tears. After 2 years, there were no significant differences in pain relief, knee function, or patient satisfaction between the two groups. The findings support the use of conservative treatment as a viable alternative to surgery in many cases.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23703915\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 51,
            "shortTitle": "Optimal Cold Application Duration for Soft Tissue Injury Recovery",
            "fullTitle": "The Effect of Soft Tissue Injury Cold Application Duration on Symptoms, Edema, Joint Mobility, and Patient Satisfaction: A Randomized Controlled Trial",
            "authors": "Senan Mutlu, Emel Yilmaz",
            "journal": "Journal of Emergency Nursing (2020)",
            "summary": "This randomized controlled trial evaluated how different durations of cold application (10, 20, and 30 minutes) affected pain, swelling, joint mobility, and patient satisfaction in 105 patients with soft tissue ankle injuries. The 20-minute cold application group showed the greatest pain reduction and highest improvement in joint mobility and satisfaction scores. The 30-minute group experienced significantly more discomfort symptoms (tingling, redness, itching, numbness, and burning). The study concludes that 20 minutes is the optimal duration for cryotherapy to control pain, improve function, and maximize patient comfort.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32340738\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 55,
            "shortTitle": "Plyometric Exercise Causes Type II Muscle Fiber Damage",
            "fullTitle": "Type II Muscle Fiber Damage From Plyometric Exercise",
            "authors": "John R. Hoffman, Nicholas A. Ratamess, Avery D. Ross, Jie Kang, Jill A. Magrelli, Jay R. Faigenbaum",
            "journal": "Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (2012)",
            "summary": "This study examined the effects of a single bout of lower-body plyometric exercise on muscle damage in resistance-trained individuals. Muscle biopsies were taken before and 24 hours after 10 sets of 10 maximal squat jumps. Results showed significant ultrastructural muscle damage, especially in type II (fast-twitch) fibers. Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels also increased, and muscle soreness and strength loss were reported post-exercise. The study confirms that plyometric exercise can induce high levels of mechanical stress and functional impairment in skeletal muscle, particularly in fast-twitch fibers most responsible for power movements.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3396301\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 60,
            "shortTitle": "Mechanical Tension on Rotator Cuff Tendons Reduces Blood Flow",
            "fullTitle": "Excessively High Repair Tension Decreases Microvascular Blood Flow Within the Rotator Cuff.",
            "authors": "Miyake S, Izaki T, Arashiro Y, Kobayashi S, Shibata Y, Shibata T, Yamamoto T",
            "journal": "American Journal of Sports Medicine (2022)",
            "summary": "This study measured how mechanical tension affects blood flow within the rotator cuff tendons of 30 patients with full-thickness tears. Using a laser Doppler flowmeter, researchers measured microvascular blood flow at four different tension levels. They found that blood flow was significantly reduced when tension reached 20 N or higher, dropping from 3.51 to 2.84 mL\/min\/100 g at 20 N and to 2.45 at 30 N. The findings demonstrate that mechanical stress directly impairs blood circulation in rotator cuff tissue, supporting the concept that excessive strain and reinjury during healing reduces the blood flow needed for tissue repair.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36263917\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 69,
            "shortTitle": "Review Confirms NSAIDs May Interfere With Tendon Healing",
            "fullTitle": "The Effect of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Tendon-to-Bone Healing: A Systematic Review with Subgroup Meta-Analysis.",
            "authors": "Duchman KR, Lemmex DB, Patel SH, Ledbetter L, Garrigues GE",
            "journal": "Iowa Orthopaedic Journal (2019)",
            "summary": "This systematic review analyzed 13 studies (3 clinical and 10 basic science) to evaluate the effect of NSAIDs on tendon-to-bone healing after injury or surgery. The review found that clinical studies reported higher rates of rotator cuff repair failure in patients using selective COX-2 NSAIDs compared to non-selective NSAIDs. While basic science studies showed mixed results, the overall evidence raises concerns that NSAIDs may interfere with the healing process at the tendon-bone interface. The review highlights the need for caution when prescribing anti-inflammatory medications following tendon injuries and surgical repairs.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31413684\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 76,
            "shortTitle": "Acetaminophen Is the Leading Cause of Acute Liver Failure in the United States",
            "fullTitle": "Acetaminophen and the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group: lowering the risks of hepatic failure.",
            "authors": "Lee WM",
            "journal": "Hepatology (2004)",
            "summary": "This review examined data from the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group, a registry of over 700 patients with acute liver failure across the United States. The findings reveal that acetaminophen (Tylenol) overdose is the leading cause of calls to Poison Control Centers, accounting for more than 100,000 calls per year. It is responsible for more than 56,000 emergency room visits, 2,600 hospitalizations, and an estimated 458 deaths due to acute liver failure annually. Acetaminophen poisoning was implicated in nearly 50% of all acute liver failure cases in the country. The study highlights that while acetaminophen is heavily marketed for its safety compared to NSAIDs and is readily available over the counter, the scale of injury and death associated with its misuse is substantial. The author questions whether this level of harm is acceptable for an over-the-counter pain reliever, particularly when unintentional overdosing occurs from taking multiple acetaminophen-containing products simultaneously or using them for extended periods. The findings support caution with acetaminophen use, especially for chronic pain conditions that may lead to prolonged or excessive consumption.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15239078\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 78,
            "shortTitle": "NSAIDs Significantly Increase Risk of Gastrointestinal Bleeding",
            "fullTitle": "Individual NSAIDs and upper gastrointestinal complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (the SOS project).",
            "authors": "Castellsague J, Riera-Guardia N, Calingaert B, Varas-Lorenzo C, Fourrier-Reglat A, Nicotra F, et al.",
            "journal": "Drug Safety (2012)",
            "summary": "This systematic review and meta-analysis analyzed 28 observational studies to evaluate the risk of upper gastrointestinal complications associated with individual NSAIDs. The study found that all NSAIDs carry a risk of serious GI complications including bleeding, perforation, and obstruction, but the risk varies significantly between specific drugs. Ibuprofen had a relative risk of 1.84 compared to non-use, while naproxen carried a relative risk of 4.10. Other commonly used NSAIDs showed even higher risks, with piroxicam at 7.43 and ketorolac at 11.50. Importantly, the study found that high daily doses of NSAIDs carried 2 to 3 times greater risk than low daily doses, confirming that both the dose and duration of NSAID use directly affect the likelihood of gastrointestinal injury. The researchers analyzed data from studies covering clinical practice settings, making the findings applicable to real-world use. These results support the recommendation that NSAIDs should be used at the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible duration, taken with food, and timed to avoid periods of activity where pain masking could lead to reinjury. The dose-dependent nature of the risk reinforces the guidance that extended, around-the-clock NSAID use carries significant cumulative danger to the gastrointestinal system.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23137151\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 79,
            "shortTitle": "COX-2 Inhibitors Impair Soft Tissue Healing While Nonselective NSAIDs May Not",
            "fullTitle": "Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Their Effect on Musculoskeletal Soft-Tissue Healing: A Scoping Review.",
            "authors": "Ghosh N, Kolade OO, Shontz E, Rosenthal Y, Zuckerman JD, Bosco JA, et al.",
            "journal": "JBJS Reviews (2019)",
            "summary": "This scoping review examined 44 studies to evaluate the effects of NSAIDs on the healing of musculoskeletal soft tissues including ligaments, tendons, labrum, and meniscus. The findings reveal an important distinction between types of NSAIDs. The majority of studies, including 1 of 2 human studies, 10 of 14 animal studies, and 3 of 3 in vitro studies, demonstrated that COX-2-selective inhibitors (such as celecoxib) had a negative impact on soft tissue healing. In contrast, the majority of studies showed that nonselective COX inhibitors (such as ibuprofen) had no negative effect on the healing of labrum, tendons, and ligaments. In vitro studies showed that NSAIDs generally have a harmful effect on the biological processes involved in tendon healing, including tenocyte proliferation and collagen synthesis. This study supports the nuanced position that not all NSAIDs affect healing equally. The anti-inflammatory properties of nonselective NSAIDs may benefit conditions involving tendons, ligaments, and cartilage where inflammation increases reinjury risk, while COX-2 selective inhibitors should be avoided during healing. These findings highlight the importance of understanding which specific medication a patient is taking and how it may interact with their recovery from a soft tissue injury.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31851037\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 59,
            "shortTitle": "Blood Flow to the Rotator Cuff Is Critical for Healing",
            "fullTitle": "Vascularity and tendon pathology in the rotator cuff: a review of literature and implications for rehabilitation and surgery.",
            "authors": "Hegedus EJ, Cook C, Brennan M, Wyland D, Garrison JC, Driesner D",
            "journal": "British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)",
            "summary": "This systematic review compiled 19 studies examining blood flow to the rotator cuff tendons and its relationship to injury and healing. The researchers found that increased blood flow is a normal healing response to smaller tears, but as tears grow larger, the blood supply fails and circulation decreases. They also found that mechanical impingement can reduce blood flow to the tendon. Notably, the study suggests that exercise may increase blood flow to the rotator cuff, supporting the concept that stimulating circulation is important for recovery. These findings have direct implications for rehabilitation, emphasizing that maintaining adequate blood flow is essential for tendon healing.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19293165\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 83,
            "shortTitle": "Corticosteroid Injections Carry Real Risks Including Tendon Rupture",
            "fullTitle": "Adverse effects of extra-articular corticosteroid injections: a systematic review.",
            "authors": "Brinks A, Koes BW, Volkers AC, Verhaar JA, Bierma-Zeinstra SM",
            "journal": "BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders (2010)",
            "summary": "This systematic review examined 87 studies to estimate the occurrence and types of adverse effects after extra-articular (soft tissue) corticosteroid injections. The researchers categorized adverse events as major or minor. Major adverse events, which required intervention or did not resolve, included serious infections such as osteomyelitis and cellulitis, one fatal case of necrotizing fasciitis, tendon ruptures, skin atrophy, hypopigmentation, and local skin defects. The incidence of major adverse events ranged from 0 to 5.8% across studies. Minor adverse events, which were transient and did not require intervention, ranged from skin rash to flushing and disturbed menstrual patterns, with incidence as high as 81% in some studies. Increased pain or steroid flare after injection was reported in 19 studies. The review confirms that corticosteroid injections, while commonly used for pain relief, carry meaningful risks including tendon rupture, tissue atrophy, and serious infection. These findings support the recommendation that patients should be educated about these risks and encouraged to seek a second opinion before proceeding with corticosteroid injections, particularly when the injection is targeting tendon or ligament tissue that could be weakened by the steroid.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20836867\/"
        },
        {
            "studyNumber": 85,
            "shortTitle": "Corticosteroid Injections Help Short Term but Worsen Outcomes Long Term",
            "fullTitle": "Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.",
            "authors": "Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B",
            "journal": "Lancet (2010)",
            "summary": "This systematic review of 41 randomized controlled trials with 2,672 participants evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of injection therapies for tendinopathy. The study found that corticosteroid injections reduced pain in the short term (within 4 weeks) compared to other interventions, showing a large effect size. However, this benefit was reversed at intermediate term (13 to 26 weeks) and long term (52 weeks and beyond). For example, in treating lateral epicondylalgia (tennis elbow), corticosteroid injections showed a large positive effect in the short term but actually performed worse than no intervention at all by the intermediate and long-term follow-up. This means that patients who received corticosteroid injections were ultimately worse off than if they had done nothing. The study also found that the short-term efficacy for rotator cuff tendinopathy was not clear. Among 991 participants who received corticosteroid injections, one case of tendon rupture was reported. These findings demonstrate that while corticosteroid injections provide temporary pain relief, they do not support long-term healing and may actually delay recovery. The reversal of benefit over time is consistent with the concern that pain masking leads to further tissue damage, as patients overuse the injured area while unable to feel the warning signs of strain.",
            "pubmedUrl": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20970844\/"
        }
    ]
}